![]() Stewart Smith had been appointed British Commissioner in 1892 for the delimitation of the Anglo-German Boundary in Africa, and in the same year they both surveyed the 180-mile line from the sea to Mount Kilimanjaro. The stretch of border between Kenya and Tanganyika, running from the sea to Lake Victoria, was surveyed by two British brothers: Charles Stewart Smith (British Consul at Mombasa) and his younger brother George Edward Smith (an officer and later a general with the Royal Engineers). In 1890, London and Berlin concluded the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, which gave Heligoland to Germany and decided the border between GEA and the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain, although the exact boundaries remained unsurveyed until 1910. The Abushiri Revolt of 1888 was put down with British help the following year. ![]() The caravans of Tom von Prince, Wilhelm Langheld, Emin Pasha, and Charles Stokes were sent to dominate "the Street of Caravans". During his expedition he discovered the source of the Kagera river, the Alexandra Nile. Oscar Baumann was sent to explore Masailand and Urundi. German rule was established quickly over Bagamoyo, Dar es Salaam, and Kilwa. Askari soldiers under German command in 1896 The British and Germans agreed to divide the mainland between themselves, and the Sultan had no option but to agree. They otherwise agreed on their spheres of interest along what is now the Tanzanian–Kenyan border. In November 1886 Germany and Britain reached an agreement declaring they would respect the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar over his islands and the 10-mile-strip along the coast. The Sultan was forced to accept the German claims on the mainland outside a 10-mile-strip along the coast. Chancellor Bismarck sent five warships which arrived on 7 August 1885, training their guns on the Sultan's palace. The Sultan of Zanzibar protested and claimed that he was the ruler of both Zanzibar and the mainland. Peters then recruited specialists who began exploring south to the Rufiji River and north to Witu, near Lamu on the coast. The charter was granted to Peters' company and was intended to establish a protectorate in the African Great Lakes region. On 3 March 1885, the German government announced that it had granted an imperial charter, which was signed by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck on 27 February 1885. ![]() The colony began when Carl Peters, an adventurer and the founder of the Society for German Colonization, signed treaties with several native chieftains on the mainland which is opposite Zanzibar. Unlike other imperial powers, however they never formally abolished either slavery or the slave trade and preferred instead to curtail the production of new "recruits", regulating the existing business of slavery. Like other colonial powers the Germans expanded their empire in the Africa Great Lakes region, ostensibly to fight slavery and the slave trade.
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